Spice users risk psychosis, doctor says
BY GIDGET FUENTES - STAFF WRITER | POSTED : SATURDAY JUN 11, 2011 8:30:57 EDT
SAN DIEGO — Using synthetic drugs such as spice will do more than risk your military career — it could lead to serious and potentially long-term mental disorders.
That’s the initial observation by a Navy psychiatry resident who worked with sailors and Marines treated this past year at Naval Medical Center San Diego, Calif., for using the popular-yet-banned drugs.
Although officials had no complete data on numbers of patients seen or treated for spice use, 17 such patients — all “healthy” male sailors or Marines ranging in age from 21 to 25 — were admitted to the psychiatric ward with various mental problems, said Lt. Cmdr. Donald Hurst, a third-year resident at the medical center. The patients experienced anxiety, depression, paranoia and hallucinations to include seeing “ghosts” and hearing imaginary voices, he said. Hurst studied 10 of the cases and has begun studying the remaining seven.
“They were all very paranoid that the government was after them, their parents, their commands ... with fixed delusions,” Hurst said. Some had visions of “actual people in front them that weren’t there.” All had flat facial expressions, “a hallmark of psychosis,” he added.
“This is not a drug to be taken lightly,” Hurst said. Users “are risking inducing psychosis, a mood disorder.”
The patients had been brought to the medical center’s emergency room for treatment by their families or their commands, in some cases after they failed to show up for work, Hurst said. The amount of spice used by the 10 patients admitted to the psych ward whose cases already have been studied by Hurst varied widely, from recent use over a short period to as long as 18 months, he said.
Seven patients were treated with antipsychotic medication and saw their psychotic symptoms ease within two to eight days, Hurst said, but despite similar treatment, “three of them remain psychotic.” Those patients may be predisposed to such psychosis because of family history, which at least one of them had, he said.
The severity of the problems and the length of time it took to treat the seven patients who saw improvement so alarmed Hurst that he presented his observations to the American Psychiatric Association in May during the group’s annual meeting in Hawaii. While the sample of 10 is too small to be considered as a study, initial observations should prompt more research of how spice affects the brain, he said.
Spice and other “synthetic pot” or “herbal incense” hit the market several years ago. With the drug’s popularity comes more patients suffering from adverse reactions.
Such complaints prompted the Drug Enforcement Administration in March to ban five chemicals used in the manufacture of spice. However, Hurst said, nearly 200 other chemicals used to make spice remain legal, and the effects of these chemicals on the brain and body remain unknown.
The Navy banned spice in March 2010, the Air Force in June, and the Marine Corps in October.
More permanent than pot?
The main chemical in marijuana, THC, searches out and binds to cannabinoid receptors in cells in the brain only temporarily, which triggers a response that provides the quick but shorter-lived “high” and feelings that include euphoria and relaxation. The effects can become longer or worse depending on use.
Unlike marijuana, the synthetic chemicals in spice-type products are more potent to the brain and other organs because they bind themselves more permanently to those receptors, at “200 times the level of THC,” Hurst said. With the lack of scientific research and study, it’s not yet known how long these chemicals stay in the body or what changes, if any, happen to those cells, so it is difficult to know yet how they may harm the brain and body. “There are so many substances, and they all have different behaviors,” he said.
Worse, Hurst said, is that the chemicals in spice take longer to bind to those receptor cells, so it takes longer for a spice user to feel the high than a marijuana user. That causes more people to overdose on the substance, he said, as “they will end up using a lot more thinking they might need more to get high.”
Airmen, sailors, Marines and soldiers who use spice risk getting caught and kicked out of the military, which has a zero-tolerance policy for illegal substances, including those that alter behavior.
“There are no second chances, so whether sailors on a ship [or] sailors in a squadron, they are seeing what happens to sailors who use or possess spice,” said Navy Region Southwest Command Master Chief (SW/AW) Nancy Hollingsworth.
It’s not always easy guessing whether someone showing signs of distress or trouble may be using spice, however. “The chiefs community is a huge part of getting that message out, because we see the sailors every day out at quarters,” Hollingsworth said.
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